Comparative life‐history responses of lacewings to changes in temperature

Abstract Insects play a crucial role in all ecosystems, and are increasingly exposed to higher in temperature extremes under climate change, which can have substantial effects on their abundances. However, the effects of temperature on changes in abundances or population fitness are filtered through differential responses of life‐history components, such as survival, reproduction, and development, to their environment. Such differential responses, or trade‐offs, have been widely studied in birds and mammals, but comparative studies on insects are largely lacking, limiting our understanding of key mechanisms that may buffer or exacerbate climate‐change effects across insect species. Here, we performed a systematic literature review of the ecological studies of lacewings (Neuroptera), predatory insects that play a crucial role in ecosystem pest regulation, to investigate the impact of temperature on life cycle dynamics across species. We found quantitative information, linking stage‐specific survival, development, and reproduction to temperature variation, for 62 species from 39 locations. We then performed a metanalysis calculating sensitives to temperature across life‐history processes for all publications. We found that developmental times consistently decreased with temperature for all species. Survival and reproduction however showed a weaker response to temperature, and temperature sensitivities varied substantially among species. After controlling for the effect of temperature on life‐history processes, the latter covaried consistently across two main axes of variation related to instar and pupae development, suggesting the presence of life‐history trade‐offs. Our work provides new information that can help generalize life‐history responses of insects to temperature, which can then expand comparative demographic and climate‐change research. We also discuss important remaining knowledge gaps, such as a better assessment of adult survival and diapause.

• The research was based on the analysis of the influence of other factors, and temperature was not taken into account, for example, the study of the effect of different photoperiods on Neuroptera (Yadav et al., 2008).
• The research described the development characteristics of species (Viana & Albuquerque, 2009) or the behavioral traits of different stages (for example, Tauber et al., 2014).
• The fertility of females was studied under the influence of prolonged storage of pupae in a diapause state (Chang et al., 2000) or the description of the mass rearing process without specifying the cultivation conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.) and without indicating the development time of each stage (Ruzicka, 2010).
We note that we may miss a potentially relevant study if the search terms were not mentioned in the title, abstract or keywords.

Description of key collected data
From all studies quantifying the relationship between temperature and the duration of development of stages of the life cycle of Neuroptera, we obtained the following information: • Geographical locationthe center of the studied territory was always used.If coordinates were not specified in the study, we assigned coordinates based on descriptions of field studies and data collection.
• Habitat, if the place of the experiment and its brief description is indicated, or where the material for laboratory research was collected.
• Experimental environmentcontrolled environment or field conditions.
• Relationship between different temperature levels (experimental levels where appropriate) and life-history process.Raw data from experiments was not provided in any study.Instead, the information was provided as percentage success or mean response (and sometimes 9% C.I. in response) to each environmental condition explored.For key life cycle stages, we recorded developmental time, survival rate, and reproductive rate in response to temperature.

Detailed data description 1. Study descriptors a. St_ID
The ID of the study which links to the folder where all the primary sources for the database are located: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1jWptakO8ea5g_97oe0XaUMgc4MzH4rsK?usp=sharing

Location data a. Latitude and longitude
The latitude and longitude of the specific study site (as specified in the manuscript) were recorded in decimal degrees using the WGS84 global projection.If latitude and longitude were not reported in the original manuscript, we used a verbal description of the study location (e.g., the nearest city, the center of the national park, etc., where the study was conducted) to estimate these values.This approximation of the study site did not affect our analysis and conclusions.

b. Habitat
If the source we used provided information about the habitat, we recorded this data in our database.
Neuroptera were most commonly collected in gardens, including citrus, olive, peach, pear, and mixed fruit gardens.Additionally, for one of the experiments, insects were gathered in an agroecosystem in cotton fields.Furthermore, specific collection locations were indicated, such as coniferous and deciduous forests (Quercetum ilicis).

Experimental Conditions
We included studies conducted under field conditions (in situ) as well as laboratory experiments (in vivo).We also recorded the average number of individuals used per treatment (Instances_count)

Temperature a. Constant Temperature
We recorded a constant temperature (t) used during the research in degrees Celsius (°C).

b. Thermal Constant
If available, we also indicated the thermal constant "K," representing the heat requirement for development and measured in degree-days (calculated using the equation K = (1/y) (x -t), where y = the average development rate, and x = temperature (°C)).

c. Minimum, Optimal, and Maximum Temperatures
In one of the studies, we documented the minimum, optimal, and maximum temperature treatments for several pre-imaginal stages.In our database, we marked the following: tmin_E -minimum temperature required for egg development; topt_E -optimal temperature for egg development; tmax_E -maximum temperature at which egg development occurs; tmin_1st_L -minimum temperature required for the development of first-stage larvae; topt_1st_L -optimal temperature for the development of first-stage larvae; tmax_1st_L -maximum temperature at which first-stage larvae develop; tmin_2nd_Lminimum temperature required for the development of second-stage larvae; topt_2nd_L -optimal temperature for the development of second-stage larvae; tmax_2nd_L -maximum temperature at which second-stage larvae develop; tmin_3rd_L -minimum temperature required for the development of third-stage larvae; topt_3rd_L -optimal temperature for the development of third-stage larvae; tmax_3rd_L -maximum temperature at which third-stage larvae develop; tmin_P&P -minimum temperature required for the development of pupae and prepupae; topt_P&P -optimal temperature for pupae and prepupae development; tmax_P&P -maximum temperature at which pupae and prepupae develop.

Other Influencing Factors on Neuroptera a. Photoperiod
If the experiments provided information about the ratio of light to dark hours (photoperiod, P (hours)), we recorded this information in our database.

b. Humidity
If the experiment specified constant environmental humidity conditions, we indicated the humidity percentage (Humid.(%)).

c. Feeding
In some experiments, the feeding regimen and the quantity of food consumed by the Neuroptera larvae were specified.We recorded the number of prey used to feed the Neuroptera larvae daily (Food_(pieces/day)).

Duration of Different Life Cycle Periods
We recorded the duration in days of various life cycle periods of Neuroptera if this information was available in the articles.In our database, these durations are denoted

Demographic Indicators
The studies contained in the dataset quantitatively determined demographic indicators in various ways.
Consequently, we grouped the indicators presented in each article as related to survival, reproductive success, reproductive productivity, growth/development, population status, or population growth.Here, we describe how we assigned attributes from individual studies to each of these classes.
Survival -In our database, we represented indicators of egg-laying survival as E_surv (%) and larval survival as L_surv (%).
Reproductive Success and Productivity -Studies with quantitative assessments of reproduction could record the percentage of egg-laying females in one generation as Ovip_fem (%) and the percentage of fertile females in one generation as Fert_fem (%).We recorded female fecundity in the database through reproductive indicators, namely, how many females in a new generation emerge from a single as follows: Preovi_per (d/M)duration of the pre-reproductive period of females in days (average); Ovi_rate (d/M) -duration of the reproductive period of females in days (average); Postovi_per (d/M) -duration of the post-reproductive period of females in days (average); E_dev (d/M) -duration of egg development in days (average); Dev_1st_inst (d/M) -duration of the first-stage larval development in days (average); Dev_2nd_inst (d/M) -duration of the second-stage larval development in days (average); Dev_3rd_inst (d/M)duration of the third-stage larval development in days (average); Dev_P&P (d/M) -duration of pupal and prepupal development in days (average); Lif_exp_post_mat (d/min) -minimum expected postmaturity lifespan in days; Lif_exp_post_mat (d/max) -maximum expected post-maturity lifespan in days; Lif_exp_post_mat (d/M) -average expected post-maturity lifespan in days.